@ARTICLE{abd_1985,
AUTHOR =       {Abernathy, R. B. and Benedict, R. P. and Dowdell, R. B.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {ASME Measurement Uncertainty},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluids Eng., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {107},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {161-164},
MONTH =        {June},
ABSTRACT =     {The purpose of this paper is to introduce the new ASME measurement uncertainty methodology which is the basis for two new ASME/ANSI standards and the ASME short course of the same anem.  Some background and history that led to the selection of this methodology are discussed as well as its application in current SAE, ISA, JANNAF, NRC, USAF, NATO, and ISO Standards documents and short courses.  This ASME methodology is rapidly becoming the national and international standard.}}

@TECHREPORT{ak_1975,
AUTHOR =       {Ali, S. F. and Kovasznay, Leslie S. G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Structure of the Turbulence in the Plane Wake Behind a Heated Flat Plate},
INSTITUTION =  {The Johns Hopkins University},
YEAR =         {1975},
TYPE =         {Technical Report },
NUMBER =       {75-2},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{atp_1984,
AUTHOR =       {Anderson, Dale Arden and Tannehill, John C. and Pletcher, Richard H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-07-050328-1},
PUBLISHER =    {McGraw-Hill Book Company},
YEAR =         {1984},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{ab_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Antonia, R. A. and Browne, L. W. B.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Heat Transport in a Turbulent Plane Wake},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {29},
NUMBER =       {10},
PAGES =        {1585-1592},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Measurements are presented for the budgets of the average longitudinal and lateral heat fluxes in the self-preserving region of a turbulent plane wake.  Using these measurements and a time scale based on the temperature variance and the average temperature dissipation, numerical values are proposed for the constants that appear in currently used models for the temperature-pressure gradient interaction.  Except in the outer intermittent region, the lateral heat flux is related in a simple way to the lateral Reynolds shear stress.  This simple relation is emphasised when only the turbulent flow zones are considered}}

@MISC{abb_19??,
AUTHOR =       {Antonia, R. A. and Browne, L. W. B. and Bisset, D. K.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {NO IDEA},
ISBN =         {},
HOWPUBLISHED = {},
YEAR =         {19??},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{ar_1990,
AUTHOR =       {Antonia, R. A. and Rajagopalan, S.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Comment on the Determination of Total Drag of a Circular Cylinder},
JOURNAL =      {AIAA J.},
YEAR =         {1990},
VOLUME =       {28},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {1833-1834},
MONTH =        {October},
ABSTRACT =     {Measurements in the wake indicate that the minimum downstream distance behind a smooth circular cylinder beyond which the contribution from the Reynolds normal stresses to the momentum integral is negligible is equal to 30 diameters.}}

@BOOK{aris_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Aris, Rutherford},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Vectors, tensors, and the basic equations of fluid mechanics},
ISBN =         {0-486-66110-5},
PUBLISHER =    {Prentice Hall Inc.},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{bg_1990,
AUTHOR =       {Baker, Gregory L. and Gollub, Jerry P.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Chaotic Dynamics:  an introduction},
ISBN =         {0-521-38258-0, 0-521-38897-X (paperback)},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1990},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@CONFERENCE{bl_1978,
AUTHOR =       {Baldwin, B. S. and Lomax, Harvard},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Thin Layer Approximation and Algebraic Model for Separated Turbulent Flows},
BOOKTITLE =    { AIAA16th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Huntsville, Alabama},
YEAR =         {1978},
TYPE =         {},
PAGES =        {},
ORGANIZATION = {AIAA Paper},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {An algebraic turbulence model for two- and three-dimensional separated flows is specified that avoids the necessity for finding the edge of the boundary layer.  Properties of the model are determined and comparisons made with experiment for an incident shock on a flat plate, separated flow over a compression corner, and transonic flow over an airfoil.  Separation and reattachment points from numerical Navier-Stokes solutions agree with experiment within one boundary-layer thickness.  Use of law-of-the-wall boundary conditions does not alter the predictions significantly.  Applications of the model to other cases are contained in companion papers.}}

@ARTICLE{bkk_1978,
AUTHOR =       {Barsoum, M. L. and Kawall, J. G. and Keffer, J. F.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Spanwise structure of the plane turbulent wake},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1978},
VOLUME =       {21},
NUMBER =       {2},
PAGES =        {157-161},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{batchelor_1967,
AUTHOR =       {Batchelor, George Keith},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Introduction to Fluid Dynamics},
ISBN =         {0-521-09817-3},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1967},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{bathie_1984,
AUTHOR =       {Bathie, William W.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fundamentals of Gas Turbines},
ISBN =         {0-471-86285-1},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1984},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{beckmann_1977,
AUTHOR =       {Beckmann, Petr},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A history of $\pi$},
ISBN =         {0-911762-18-3},
PUBLISHER =    {Golem Press},
YEAR =         {1977},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {4th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{bp_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Bendat, Julius S. and Piersol, Allan G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Random Data},
ISBN =         {0-471-04000-2},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@TECHREPORT{benocci_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Benocci, Carlo},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Modelling of Turbulent Heat Transport - {A} State-of-the-Art},
INSTITUTION =  {von K\'arm\'an Institute for Fluid Dynamics},
YEAR =         {1991},
TYPE =         {Technical Memorandum },
NUMBER =       {47},
ADDRESS =      {72 Chauss\'ee de Waterloo, B-1640 Rhode Saint Gen\ese, Belgium},
MONTH =        {April},
ABSTRACT =     {An overview is given of the current state of single-point turbulence modelling for flows including heat transfer.  The different levels of eddy viscosity closure are covered, together with algebraic and full Reynolds stress models.  Emphasis is given to the different approaches possible for the modelling of wall effects on turbulence.  The specific problems related to the modelling of heat transfer are reviewed and the performances of the different models discussed on the basis of selected examples taken from the most recent literature.  The conclusion is reached that the full Reynolds stress model is the only closure offering reliable results for turbulent heat transfer in complex flow problem.}}

@ARTICLE{bilger_1975,
AUTHOR =       {Bilger, R. W.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Note on {F}avre Averaging in Variable Density Flows},
JOURNAL =      {Combustion Sci. Tech.},
YEAR =         {1975},
VOLUME =       {11},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {215-217},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@INBOOK{bilger_1980,
AUTHOR =       {Bilger, R. W.},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {Turbulent Flows with Nonpremixed Reactants},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PAGES =        {65-113},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
BOOKTITLE =    {Topics in Applied Physics: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{binder_1973,
AUTHOR =       {Binder, Raymond C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fluid Mechanics},
ISBN =         {0-13-322594-1},
PUBLISHER =    {Prentice Hall Inc.},
YEAR =         {1973},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey},
EDITION =      {5th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{bsl_1960,
AUTHOR =       {Bird, R. Byron and Stewart, Warren E. and Lightfoot, Edwin N.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Transport Phenomena},
ISBN =         {},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1960},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{boman_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Boman, U. R.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Hot-Wire Calibration Over a Large Temperature Range},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. in Fluids},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {12},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {427-428},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The hot-wire calibration method as proposed by Cimbala and Park (1990) has been shown to be accurate within a temperature range of 20-45C.  this is a significant extension of the range used by Cimbala and Park (27.5-34.5C).  The accuracy of the calibration is not affected by the ambient temperature.  The calibration curve obtained seems to hold over a long period of time, thus reducing the need for frequent calibrations.  Due to contamination the accuracy eventually decreases and the probe has to be re-calibrated}}

@BOOK{bd_1977,
AUTHOR =       {Boyce, W. E. and DiPrima, R. C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems},
ISBN =         {0-471-09334-3},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1977},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {3rd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{bcw_1981,
AUTHOR =       {Bradshaw, Peter and Cebeci, Tuncer and Whitelaw, James H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Engineering Calculation Methods for Turbulent Flow},
ISBN =         {0-12-124550-5},
YEAR =         {1981},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@INBOOK{bray_1980,
AUTHOR =       {Bray, K. N. C.},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {Turbulent Flows with Premixed Reactants},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PAGES =        {115-183},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
BOOKTITLE =    {Topics in Applied Physics: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{bab_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Browne, L. W. B. and Antonia, R. A. and Bisset, D. K.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Coherent structures in the far field of a turbulent wake},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {29},
NUMBER =       {11},
PAGES =        {3612-3617},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{bkaf_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Bruun, H. H. and Khan, M. A. and Al-Kayiem, H. H. and Fardad, A. A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Velocity Calibration Relationships for Hot-Wire Anemometry},
JOURNAL =      {J. Phys. E:  Sci. Instrum.},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {21},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {225-232},
MONTH =        {February},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper describes a study of the accuracy and suitability of hot-wire velocity calibration relations for implementation on a micro/minicomputer.  The investigation has covered simple and extended power laws, polynomial fits of three types and spline fits.  The main part of the investigation was related to a typical moderate velocity range of 3-30 m/s, with complementary data being presented for a large velocity range, 4-90 m/s, and at low velocities, 1-6 m/s.  By careful attention to measurement errors, the suitability or limitations of the various calibration relationships have been identified.  Optimization for both accuracy and computational convenience identified no single method as being the best, but three methods; simple power law or a fourth-order polynomial in E or a third-order polynomial in E^2 were shown to give similar results.
}}

@ARTICLE{bnfa_1990,
AUTHOR =       {Bruun, H. H. and Nabhani, N. and Fardad, A. A. and Al-Kayiem, H. H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Velocity Component Measurements by X Hot-Wire Anemometry},
JOURNAL =      {Meas. Sci. Technol.},
YEAR =         {1990},
VOLUME =       {1},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {1314-1321},
MONTH =        {December},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper is concerned with the interpretation of the instantaneous signals from an X hot-wire probe used for velocity component measurements.  A detailed calibration study was carried out to identify the correct velocity and yaw response of a typical plated X hot-wire probe.  the calibration data identified and accurate calibration relationship for the X hot-wire probe, and enabled the development of a related look-up inversion method.  This provided a reference for the assessment of the accuracy of common signal analysis methods.  Using a step-by-step approach, the errors caused by the assumptions of constant values for the offset and exponent in a power law relationship were first identified.  The, the errors relating to the introduction of the concept of an effective velocity V_eff and analysis in terms of V_eff^2 were determined and finally the errors in the sum and difference method based on V_eff.  The paper demonstrates that these errors cannot be neglected, even at low turbulence intensity, if accurate flow measurements are required.}}

@BOOK{cb_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Cebeci, Tuncer and Bradshaw, Peter},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective Heat Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-387-96821-0},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{cb_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Cebeci, Tuncer and Bradshaw, Peter},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Solutions Manual and Computer Programs for Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective Heat Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-387-96825-3},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{cs_1974,
AUTHOR =       {Cebeci, Tuncer and Smith, Apollo Milton Olin},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Analysis of Turbulent Boundary Layers},
ISBN =         {0-12-164650-5},
YEAR =         {1974},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@CONFERENCE{cl_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Chang,  K.C. and Lin, R.S.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Comparison of Turbulence Models for Uses in Calculations of Free Jets and Flames},
BOOKTITLE =    { 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada},
YEAR =         {1989},
TYPE =         {},
PAGES =        {},
ORGANIZATION = {AIAA Paper},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {A comparison of commonly used turbulence models in jet flows is made.  The selected turbulence models in jet flows is made.  The selected turbulence models include:  Prandtl mixing length model and the $\kepsi$ model.  Among many modified $\kepsi$ models, five models which were reported to work well are selected for test.  It is found that the mixing length model and the modified $\kepsi$ model of Launder, et al. are able to give quite satisfactory predictions in cold free jets.  The application of Launder's model to the prediction of jet flame reveals that it totally fails to work.  This result demonstrates that the empirical modification of $\kepsi$ model made according to the case of cold flows should be carefully examined before applicable to the case of reacting flows.  The prediction of jet flame using mixing length model are comparable to that using the standard $\kepsi$ model incorporated with the battlement-shape PDF and the eddy-break-up model.  However, since the $\kepsi$ models have more potential to integrate with the more sophisticated combustion model, they are worthy to be subjected to further study.}}

@BOOK{chen_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Chen, Ching-Jen},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Prediction of Turbulent Flows},
ISBN =         {},
PUBLISHER =    {The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{ck_1969,
AUTHOR =       {Chevray, Ren\'{e} and Kovasznay, Leslie S. G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence Measurements in the Wake of a Thin Flat Plate},
JOURNAL =      {AIAA J.},
YEAR =         {1969},
VOLUME =       {7},
NUMBER =       {8},
PAGES =        {1641-1643},
MONTH =        {August},
ABSTRACT =     {Development of the turbulent wake from the turbulent boundary layers on the two sides of the thin flat plate represents a simple enough problem with a clean configuration in order to have sufficient generality.  From the point of view of application, the flow near the trailing edge of an airfoil is of considerable interest and the present problem is a limiting case.  There is also a more immediate interest; as witnessed at a recent meeting, there is a revival of interest in computation of turbulent boundary layers.  In our opinion, the present experiment offers a critical test of the boundary-layer calculation techniques since it corresponds to the development of a turbulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient when the wall shear is suddenly removed at the trailing edge.}}

@CONFERENCE{cmt_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Chu, Huan-Chang and Mueller, Thomas J. and Thomas, Flint O.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Summary of Hot-Wire Probe Design, Fabrication and Calibration for Supersonic Flows},
BOOKTITLE =    { 76th Semi-Annual Meeting of The Supersonic Tunnel Association, Tel Aviv Israel, October 8-10, 1991},
YEAR =         {1991},
TYPE =         {},
PAGES =        {},
ORGANIZATION = {Supersonic Tunnel Association},
MONTH =        {October},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper describes the practical details regarding the design, fabrication and calibration of hot-wire probes for supersonic flows.  These probes are currently utilized in supersonic turbulence experiments at the Hessert Center for Aerospace Research at Notre Dame.  It is demonstrated that with care, probes suitable for supersonic flows can be easily manufactured (and repaired) at low cost.  Careful coupling of the home-made probe to a commercial 1:1 constant temperature bridge  (in our case a TSI 150 IFA unit) via suitable cabling can yield excellent frequency response characteristics which is essential for high speed flows.  The calibration technique described in this paper has been found to provide excellent results}}

@ARTICLE{cb_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Cutler, A. D. and Bradshaw, Peter},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Crossed Hot-Wire Technique for Complex Turbulent Flows},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. in Fluids},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {12},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {17-22},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper describes a crossed hot-wire technique for the measurement of all components of mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, and triple products in a complex turbulent flow.  The accuracy of various assumptions usually implicit in the use of crossed hot-wire anemometers is examined.  It is shown that significant errors can result in flow with gradients in mean velocity or Reynolds stress, but that a first order corrections for these errors can be made using available data.  It is also shown how corrections can be made for high turbulence levels using available data.}}

EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Composite Method for the Mixing of Two Steady Laminar Flows},
JOURNAL =      {AIAA J.},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {29},
NUMBER =       {2},
PAGES =        {168-173},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {An analytic solution is presented for the steady, two-dimensional mixing of two parallel, laminar, and initially dissimilar streams beyond the trailing edge of a thin partition.  The method consists of combining known analytic solutions for flat-plate wakes with Chapman's classic solution for the free shear layer.  The key assumptions made are that the wake \"component\" grows independently of this shear layer component and that the minimum-velocity locus of the former coincides with the zero streamline of the Chapman flow.  The initial boundary-layer profiles at the trailing edge are taken to be exponentials with a stretching factor, whose advance choice simulates some common laminar boundary layers.  All flow properties are then found in terms of the space coordinates and seven parameters, including this stretching factor, the fast-side Mach number, specific heat ratio, partition temperature, and the ratios of total temperatures, initial stream velocities, and initial momentum thicknesses at the trailing edge.  The solutions are closed form, analytic, free of discontinuities, and capable of simulating symmetric or asymmetric wakes, base flows, and the mixing of parallel streams.  These results compare closely with well-known numerical results obtained for wakes and base flows.}}

@BOOK{drazin_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Drazin, P. G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Nonlinear Systems},
ISBN =         {0-521-40489-4 (hardback), 0-521-40668-4 (paperback)},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{dr_1981,
AUTHOR =       {Drazin, P. G. and Reid, William Hill},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Hydrodynamic Stability},
ISBN =         {0-521-28980-7},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1981},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{fabris_1984,
AUTHOR =       {Fabris, G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A conditional-sampling study of the interaction of two turbulent wakes},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1984},
VOLUME =       {140},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {355-372},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{farlow_1993,
AUTHOR =       {Farlow, Stanley J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers},
ISBN =         {0-486-67620-X},
PUBLISHER =    {Dover Publications Inc.},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{favre_1969,
AUTHOR =       {Favre, A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Statistical Equations of Turbulent Gases},
JOURNAL =      {Problems of Hydrodynamics and Continuum Mechanics},
YEAR =         {1969},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {231-266},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Statistical equations for a turbulent compressible gas are developed in a general form:  each turbulent quantity is separated into a fluctuating part and a macroscopic part, constant in the averages in such a way that the precise separation can be chosen at a later stage as dictated by the particular application.  Density, velocity, pressure, internal energy, entropy, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heats per unit mass are all ascribed fluctuations.  Complete forms of the equations are given in the case when the macroscopic quantities are chosen to be the average velocity $\bar{v_\alpha}$, the average temperature $\bar{\theta}$, the average density $\bar{\rho}$ and the average pressure $\bar{p}$, and also in the case when the macroscopic quantities are chosen to be the mass-weighted average velocity $\bar{\rho v_\alpha} = \bar{\rho} \tilde{v_\alpha}$, the average internal energy per unit volume  $\bar{\rho e} = \bar{\rho} \tilde{e}$, the average density  $\bar{\rho}$ and the average pressure  $\bar{p}$.  The last set of equations is simpler in form, possesses a clearer physical meaning, is more amenable to theoretical analysis, and probably also is better suited for describing experimental measurements of turbulence.

An expression for the time derivative of an integral over a volume element which moves with the macroscopic velocity, forms the basis of a discussion of various statistical relationships obeyed by the entropy of a turbulent compressible gas.}}

@BOOK{feibelman_1993,
AUTHOR =       {Feibelman, Peter J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Ph.D. is not enough : a guide to survival in science},
ISBN =         {0-201-62663-2},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{fermi_1956,
AUTHOR =       {Fermi, Enrico},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Thermodynamics},
ISBN =         {0-486-60361-X},
PUBLISHER =    {Dover Publications Inc.},
YEAR =         {1956},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{fletcher_1_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Fletcher, Clive A. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Volume I:  Fundamental and General Techniques},
ISBN =         {0-387-53058-4},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{fletcher_2_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Fletcher, Clive A. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Volume II:  Specific Techniques for Different Flow Categories},
ISBN =         {0-387-53601-9},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{fgh_1981,
AUTHOR =       {Friedmann, Jehosua and Greenberg, Philip and Hoffberg, Alan M.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {FORTRAN IV},
ISBN =         {0-471-07771-2},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1981},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{gm_1993,
AUTHOR =       {Garfinkel, Simson L. and Mahoney, Michael K.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {NeXTSTEP Programming - Step One: Object-Oriented Applications},
ISBN =         {0-387-97884-4},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {175 5th Avenue, New York, NY  10010},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{gibson_1976,
AUTHOR =       {Gibson, M. M.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the calculation of horizontal, turbulent, free shear flows under gravitational influence},
JOURNAL =      {J. Heat Trans., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1976},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {81-87},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{gl_1976,
AUTHOR =       {Gibson, M. M. and Launder, Brian Edward},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the Calculation of Horizontal, Turbulent, Free Shear Flows Under Gravitational Influence},
JOURNAL =      {J. Heat Trans., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1976},
VOLUME =       {98},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {81-86},
MONTH =        {February},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{gleick_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Gleick, James},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Chaos - Making a New Science},
ISBN =         {0-14-009250-1},
PUBLISHER =    {Penguin Books USA Inc.},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{glendinning_1994,
AUTHOR =       {Glendinning, Paul},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Stability, instability and chaos:  an introduction to the theory of nonlinear differential equations},
ISBN =         {0-521-42566-2},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1994},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{goldstein_1929,
AUTHOR =       {Goldstein, Sydney},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Concerning Some Solutions of the Boundary Layer Equations in Hydrodynamics},
JOURNAL =      {Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc.},
YEAR =         {1929},
VOLUME =       {26},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {1-30},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{gribbin_1984,
AUTHOR =       {Gribbin, John R.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {In search of Schr\\"odingers Cat:  Quantum Physics and Reality},
ISBN =         {0-553-34103-0},
PUBLISHER =    {Bantam Books},
YEAR =         {1984},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{hibbeler_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Hibbeler, Russell Charles},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics},
ISBN =         {0-02-354686-7},
PUBLISHER =    {Macmillan Publishing Company},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {6th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{hp_1965,
AUTHOR =       {Hill, Philip Graham and Peterson, Carl R.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion},
ISBN =         {0-201-14659-2 (2nd edition)},
YEAR =         {1965},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{hinch_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Hinch, E. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Perturbation Methods},
ISBN =         {0-521-37310-7, 0-521-37897-4 (paperback)},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{hinze_1975,
AUTHOR =       {Hinze, Juergen O.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence},
ISBN =         {0-07-029037-7},
PUBLISHER =    {McGraw-Hill Book Company},
YEAR =         {1975},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{holman_1981,
AUTHOR =       {Holman, Jack Philip},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Heat Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-07-029618-9},
PUBLISHER =    {McGraw-Hill Book Company},
YEAR =         {1981},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{id_1990,
AUTHOR =       {Incropera, Frank P., and DeWitt, David P.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-471-61246-4},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1990},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {3rd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{jamsa_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Jamsa, Kris},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Microsoft C - Secrets, Shortcuts, and Solutions},
ISBN =         {1-55615-203-5},
PUBLISHER =    {Microsoft Press},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {16011 NE 36th Way, Box 97017, Redmond, Washington 98073-9717},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{jl_1972,
AUTHOR =       {Jones, W. P. and Launder, Brian Edward},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {The Prediction of Laminarization with a Two-Equation Model of Turbulence},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1972},
VOLUME =       {15},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {301-314},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The paper presents a new model of turbulence in which the local turbulent viscosity is determined from the solution of transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy and the energy dissipation rate.  The major component of this work has been the provision of a suitable form of the model for regions where the turbulence Reynolds number is low.

The model has been applied to the prediction of wall boundary-layer flows in which streamwise accelerations are so severe that the boundary layer reverts partially towards laminar.  In all cases, the predicted hydrodynamic and heat-transfer development of the boundary layers is in close agreement with the measured behavior.}}

@ARTICLE{jw_1982,
AUTHOR =       {Jones, W. P. and Whitelaw, J. H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Calculation Methods for Reacting Turbulent Flows:  A Review},
JOURNAL =      {Combustion and Flame},
YEAR =         {1982},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {48},
PAGES =        {1-26},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The purpose of this review is to describe and appraise components of calculation methods, based on the solution of conservation equations in differential form, for the velocity, temperature and concentration fields in turbulent combusting flows.  Particular attention is devoted to the combustion models used within these methods and to gaseous-combustion applications.
The differential equations are considered first and the implications of conventional (i.e., unweighted) and density-weighted averaging discussed in the contexts of solution methods and physical interpretation.  In general, it is concluded that equations should be solved with dependent variables in density-weighted from and that the interpretation of measurements requires special care to distinguish between conventionally averaged and density-weighted properties.
Finite difference approximations contained within numerical procedures for solving the equations relevant to two- and three-dimensional recirculating flows, such as are to be found in combustion chambers, are considered briefly.  It is concluded that computer storage requirements very often preclude the possibility of reducing the numerical error to entirely negligible proportions everywhere.  Considerable care must therefore be taken in both specifying a sufficient number and the distribution of mesh points to be used and also in the interpretation of computational results.  Turbulence models are also discussed briefly and deficiencies noted.  Since many flows are partly controlled by mechanisms other than diffusion and turbulence transport, these deficiencies are of major importance in a limited range of circumstances which are discussed.
The various recent methods proposed to represent reaction in turbulent flames are reviewed in relation to diffusion and premixed flames and to flames in which an element of both is present.  The application of laminar flame sheet models, chemical equilibrium assumptions, probability density functions of different forms, and truncated series expansion of reaction rate expressions are considered together with the use of probability density function transport equations and their (Monte Carlo) solution.  The appraisal is made in relation to presently available results and future requirements and possibilities.}}

@ARTICLE{jr_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Jovic, S. and Ramaprian, B. R.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the Large-Scale Structure of the Turbulent Wake of a Flat Plate},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {1},
NUMBER =       {2},
PAGES =        {331-338},
MONTH =        {February},
ABSTRACT =     {A simple heat-tagging technique was used to isolate and analyze the large-scale coherent structures present in the two-dimensional wake of a flat plate.  The results indicate the presence of these coherent structures even at 250 momentum thicknesses downstream of the trailing edge.  These structures have a vortexlike topology and carry a significant amount of the total shear stress.  The present results for the flat-plate wake seem to be in general agreement with those that have been obtained in cylinder wakes by other contemporary investigators using more complex techniques of eduction and signal enhancement}}

@ARTICLE{king_1914,
AUTHOR =       {King, L. V.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the convection of heat from small cylinders in a stream of fluid},
JOURNAL =      {Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.},
YEAR =         {1914},
VOLUME =       {214},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {373-432},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{kline_1985,
AUTHOR =       {Kline, Stephen Jay},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {The Purpose of Uncertainty Analysis},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluids Eng., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {107},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {153-160},
MONTH =        {June},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper deals with the basic concept and questions and covers the following topics:
A.  Why a symposium on uncertainty analysis?
B.  The concept of uncertainty in experiments.
C.  The uses of uncertainty analysis.
D.  Is uncertainty analysis worthwhile; if so, when?
- some simple examples and case histories;
- conclusions;
- remarks on the ideal experiment, from the view of uncertainty.}}

@ARTICLE{kmc_1953,
AUTHOR =       {Kline, Stephen Jay and McClintock, F. A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Estimating the Uncertainty in Single-Sample Experiments},
JOURNAL =      {Mechanical Engineering},
YEAR =         {1953},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{kreyszig_1983,
AUTHOR =       {Kreyszig, Erwin},
EDITOR =       {},
ISBN =         {0-471-86251-7},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1983},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {5th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{ks_1990,
AUTHOR =       {Kuznetsov, V. R. and Sabel'nikov, V. A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence and Combustion},
ISBN =         {0-89116-873-7},
PUBLISHER =    {Hemisphere Publishing Corporation},
YEAR =         {1990},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{lf_1987,
AUTHOR =       {Lai, M.-C. and Faeth, Gerard M.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence Structure of Vertical Adiabatic Wall Plumes},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1987},
VOLUME =       {109},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {663-670},
MONTH =        {August},
ABSTRACT =     {Weakly buoyant turbulent adiabatic wall plumes along vertical surfaces were studied.  instantaneous velocities and concentrations were measured using laser-Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence.  Earlier work reported mean properties and their comparison with predictions of simplified mixing-length and k-$\epsilon$-g turbulence models.  Velocity and concentration fluctuations and their correlations are reported in the present paper.  The results show considerable deficiencies in the simplified models concerning turbulence properties, e.g., anisotropy of turbulence properties, lack of coincidence of maximum velocity and zero Reynolds stress points, and variability of the turbulence Prandtl/Schmidt number.  Density/velocity correlations were found which provide a means of estimating differences between Reynolds and Favre averages, effects of turbulence fluxes on conserved quantities, and effects of buoyancy/turbulence interactions on turbulence properties.}}

@ARTICLE{ljf_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Lai, M.-C. and Jeng, S.-M. and Faeth, Gerard M.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Structure of Turbulent Adiabatic Wall Plumes},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {108},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {827-834},
MONTH =        {November},
ABSTRACT =     {Weakly buoyant turbulent wall plumes were studied for surfaces inclined 0-62 degrees from the vertical (stable orientation).  The source of buoyancy was carbon dioxide/air mixtures in still air, assuring conserved buoyancy flux.  Profiles of mean and fluctuating concentrations and streamwise velocities were measured at several stations along the wall.  Flow structure was also observed by Mie scattering from a laser light sheet.  tests with inclined walls showed that low levels of ambient stratification caused the wall plumes to entrain fluid in the horizontal direction, rather than normal to the wall.  Structure predictions were made for vertical wall plumes, considering favre-averaged mixing-length and k-$\epsilon$-g models of turbulence.  Both methods yielded encouraging predictions of flow structure, in spite of the presence of large-scale coherent turbulent structures observed in the flow visualization.}}

@BOOK{lamb_1993,
AUTHOR =       {Lamb, Horace, Sir},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Hydrodynamics},
ISBN =         {0-521-45868-4},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {6th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{lmc_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Landahl, Marten T. and Mollo-Christensen, E.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence and Random Processes},
ISBN =         {0-521-42213-2},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Fluid flow turbulence is a phenomenon of great importance in many fields of engineering and science.  Turbulence and related areas have continued to be subjects of intensive research over the last century.  In this second edition of their successful textbook Professors Landahl and Mollo-Christensen have taken the opportunity to include recent developments in the field of chaos and its applications to turbulent flow.

This timely update continues the original theme of the book:  presenting the fundamental concepts and basic methods of fluid flow turbulence, enabling the reader to follow the literature and understand the current research.  The emphasis upon the dynamic processes that create and maintain turbulent flows gives this book an original approach.

This book should be useful to graduate students and researchers in fluid dynamics and, in particular, turbulence and related fields.
}}

@BOOK{ll_1987,
AUTHOR =       {Landau, Lev Davidovich and Lifshitz, Evgenii Mikhailovich},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fluid Mechanics},
ISBN =         {0-08-033933-6, 0-08-033932-8 (paperback)},
PUBLISHER =    {Pergamon Press},
YEAR =         {1987},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {Oxford England, New York},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{ll_1974,
AUTHOR =       {LaRue, J. C. and Libby, Paul A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Temperature and intermittency in the turbulent wake of a heated cylinder},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1974},
VOLUME =       {17},
NUMBER =       {5},
PAGES =        {873-878},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{lassahn_1985,
AUTHOR =       {Lassahn, G. D.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Uncertainty Definition},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluids Eng., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {107},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {179},
MONTH =        {June},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{launder_1975,
AUTHOR =       {Launder, Brian Edward},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the Effects of a Gravitational Field on the Turbulent Transport of Heat and Momentum},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1975},
VOLUME =       {67},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {569-581},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper suggest a simple way of including gravitational effects in the pressure-containing correlations that appear in the equations for the transport of Reynolds stress and heat flux.  The predicted changes in structure due to the gravitational field are shown to agree closely with Websters's (1964) measurements in a stably stratified shear flow.}}

@ARTICLE{launder_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Launder, Brian Edward},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the Computation of Convective Heat Transfer in Complex Turbulent Flows},
JOURNAL =      {J. Heat Trans., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {110},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {1112-1128},
MONTH =        {November},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper summarizes current strategies for computing heat transfer coefficients in complex turbulent flows based on numerical solution of the averaged equations for momentum and enthalpy and corresponding equations for averaged properties of the turbulent flow field.  It argues that, for accuracy and width of applicability, a fine-grid low-Reynolds number treatment should be employed near the wall in place of wall functions, despite the attractive simplicity of the latter approach.  Several examples are provided that bring out the benefit from adopting second-moment closures, in which attention is focused on the turbulent stresses and heat fluxes themselves rather than on effective viscosities and thermal diffusivities.  Directions for future research are briefly discussed, an important contribution to this effort being the direct numerical simulation of the near-wall dynamic and thermal turbulence field.}}

@ARTICLE{ls_1974,
AUTHOR =       {Launder, Brian Edward and Spalding, Dudley Brian},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows},
JOURNAL =      {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
YEAR =         {1974},
VOLUME =       {3},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {269-289},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The paper reviews the problem of making numerical predictions of turbulent flow.  It advocates that computational economy, range of applicability and physical realism are best served at present by turbulence models in which the magnitudes of two turbulence quantities, the turbulence kinetic energy k and its dissipation rate $\epsilon$, are calculated from transport equations solved simultaneously with those governing the mean flow behavior.  The width of applicability of the model is demonstrated by reference to numerical computations of nine substantially different kinds of turbulent flow.}}

@CONFERENCE{legner_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Legner, Hartmut H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Large-Scale interaction Model for Turbulent Wakes},
BOOKTITLE =    { 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada},
YEAR =         {1989},
TYPE =         {},
PAGES =        {},
ORGANIZATION = {AIAA Paper},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {A theoretical model describing the interaction between large-scale ordered structures and small-scale turbulence in shear flows has been developed.  The genesis of the model is in the three-component separation of the flow variables and the distinct averaging process for the large-scale turbulent component.  The primary interaction term in the model appears in the kinetic energy equation governing the large scales.  The complex interaction model has been applied to two-dimensional wake flows employing boundary-layer approximations.  Comparison of the finite-difference calculations with standard wakes as well as with the flow past a circular cylinder has been quite good.}}

@BOOK{lv_1969,
AUTHOR =       {Leighton, Robert Benjamin and Vogt, Rochus E.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Exercises in Introductory Physics},
ISBN =         {},
YEAR =         {1969},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@CONFERENCE{lele_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Lele, Sanjiva K.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Direct Numerical Simulation of Compressible Free Shear Flows},
BOOKTITLE =    { 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada},
YEAR =         {1989},
TYPE =         {},
PAGES =        {},
ORGANIZATION = {AIAA Paper},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {Direct numerical simulations of compressible free shear layers in open domains are conducted.  Compact finite-difference schemes of spectral-like accuracy are used for the simulations.  Both temporally-growing and spatially-growing mixing layers are studied.  The effect of intrinsic compressibility on the evolution of vortices is studied.  The use of convective Mach number is validated.  Details of vortex roll up and pairing are studied.  A simple explanation of the stabilizing effect of compressibility is offered.  Acoustic radiation from vortex roll up, pairing and shape oscillations is studied and quantified.}}

@TECHREPORT{libby_1973,
AUTHOR =       {Libby, Paul A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A provisional analysis of two-dimensional turbulent mixing with variable density},
INSTITUTION =  {NASA},
YEAR =         {1973},
TYPE =         {NASA SP },
NUMBER =       {321},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@INBOOK{lw_1_1980,
AUTHOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {Fundamental Aspects},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PAGES =        {1-43},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
BOOKTITLE =    {Topics in Applied Physics: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@INBOOK{lw_2_1980,
AUTHOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {Perspective and Research Topics},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PAGES =        {219-236},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
BOOKTITLE =    {Topics in Applied Physics: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{lva_1990,
AUTHOR =       {Lienhard, John H. and Van Atta, C. W.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {The Decay of Turbulence in Thermally Stratified Flow},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1990},
VOLUME =       {210},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {57-112},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {In this paper, the mean flow is in $x$, the vertical coordinate is $z$, and the cross stream coordinate is $y$.
Instrumentation was a cross wire operating in constant temperature mode, and a single wire operation in constant current mode.
$$E^2_o = (T_w -T)(A(T_w + T)^{0.84} + BU^{0.45}) eqno(8)$$
was used along with a pitching calibration to determine $u$ and $w$.
The constants $A$, $B$, and $T_w$ were determined for each sensor by a calibration.
The overheat ratios on the constant-temperature anemometers were set at 1.95 for all runs, giving wire temperatures of 270-280$^oC$.
These high operating temperatures were chosen to reduce the temperature sensitivity of the hot wires.

}}

@ARTICLE{lva_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Lienhard, John H. and Van Atta, C. W.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Thermally stratifying a wind tunnel for buoyancy of influenced flows},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. in Fluids},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {7},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {542-546},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{lighthill_1978,
AUTHOR =       {Lighthill, Michael James, Sir},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Waves in Fluids},
ISBN =         {0-521-21689-3, 0-521-29233-6 (paperback)},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1978},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{lixing_1993,
AUTHOR =       {Lixing, Zhou},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Theory and Numeical Modeling of Turbulent Gas-Praticle Flows and Combustion},
ISBN =         {0-8493-7721-8},
PUBLISHER =    {CRC Press, Inc.},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{lomas_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Lomas, Charles G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fundamentals of Hot Wire Anemometry},
ISBN =         {0-521-30340-0},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{lbh_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Lueptow, Richard M. and Breuer, Kenneth S. and Haritonidis, Joseph H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Computer-Aided Calibration of X-Probes Using a Look-Up Table},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. in Fluids},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {6},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {115-118},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {A simple method for the computer-aided calibration of an X-probe is described.  This method requires the X-probe to be pitched in the free-stream at several velocities.  From the corresponding output voltages, a calibration look-up table can be generated.  The technique requires fewer assumptions than traditional methods based on King's law.}}

@ARTICLE{mcw_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Marasli, B. and Champagne, F. H. and Wygnanski, I.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Effect of travelling waves on the growth of a plane turbulent wake},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {235},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {511-528},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The results of experimental studies on the nonlinear evolution of perturbation waves in the turbulent wake behind a flat plate are presented.  Sinuous perturbations at several amplitudes and frequencies were introduced into the wake by oscillating a small trailing-edge flap.  The Strouhal numbers of the perturbations were specially chosen so that the downstream location of the neutral point (where the spatial amplification rate obtained from linear theory vanishes) was well within the range of measurements.  The streamwise evolution of the waves and their effect on the growth of the turbulent wake was investigated.  The amplitude of the coherent Reynolds stress varied significantly with x and changed sign downstream of the neutral point.  This resulted in rather strong changes in the spreading rate of the mean flow with x.  At high forcing levels, dramatic deviations from the square-root behaviour of the unforced wake occurred.  Although the development of the mean flow depended strongly on the forcing level, there were some common features in the overall response, which are discussed.  The measured coherent Reynolds stress changed sign in the neighbourhood of the neutral point as predicted by linear theory.  The normalized mean velocity profiles changed shape as a result of nonlinear interactions but relaxed to a new self-similar shape far downstream from the neutral point.  Detailed measurements of the turbulent and coherent Reynolds stresses are presented and the latter are compared to linear stability theory predictions.}}

@ARTICLE{mcw_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Marasli, B. and Champagne, F. H. and Wygnanski, I. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Modal decomposition of velocity signals in a plane, turbulent wake},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {198},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {255-273},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@INBOOK{mf_1980,
AUTHOR =       {Mellor, A. M. and Ferguson, Colin R.},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {Practical Problems in Turbulent Reacting Flows},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PAGES =        {45-64},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
BOOKTITLE =    {Topics in Applied Physics: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{merzkirch_1987,
AUTHOR =       {Merzkirch, Wolfgang},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Flow Visualization},
ISBN =         {0-12-491351-2},
YEAR =         {1987},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{meyer_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Meyer, L.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Calibration of a Three-Wire Probe for Measurements in Nonisothermal Flow},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci.},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {5},
NUMBER =       {2},
PAGES =        {260-267},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{mk_1987,
AUTHOR =       {Miau, J.-J. and Karlsson, S. K. F.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Flow structures in the developing region of a symmetric wake and an unsymmetric wake},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1987},
VOLUME =       {30},
NUMBER =       {8},
PAGES =        {2389-2399},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{moffat_1985,
AUTHOR =       {Moffat, R. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Using Uncertainty Analysis in the Planning of an Experiment},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluids Eng., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {107},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {173-178},
MONTH =        {June},
ABSTRACT =     {A simple example using convection heat transfer is used to illustrate the use of uncertainty analysis in PLANNING experiments.  Major points made are: (i) the choice of test and data-reduction procedure can have important impact on the accuracy of the results, with one procedure better for some conditions and the other better in other ranges; (ii) it is important to specify carefully the level of replication (what is held constant and what varied in a given test), since otherwise an inappropriate value of uncertainty may be generated; (iii) reliable means for cross-checking and/or externally validating the results of an experiment are necessary if predicted uncertainties are to be confirmed; (iv) in experiments where data are reduced by computer, uncertainty analysis can be done by sequential perturbation, using the main data-reduction program itself.}}

@ARTICLE{moffat_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Moffat, R. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Describing the Uncertainties in Experimental Results},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci.},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {1},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {3-17},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{my_1971,
AUTHOR =       {Monin, Andrei Sergeevich and Yaglom, A. M.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Statistical Fluid Mechanics:  Mechanics of Turbulence},
ISBN =         {0-262-13062-9 (volume 1)},
PUBLISHER =    {MIT Press},
YEAR =         {1971},
VOLUME =       {1},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{moran_1984,
AUTHOR =       {Moran, Jack},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {An Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics},
ISBN =         {0-471-87491-4},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1984},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{ms_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Moran, Michael J. and Shapiro, Howard N.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics},
ISBN =         {0-471-89576-8},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{mlazbj_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Morel, Robert and Laassibi, A. and Alcaraz, E. and Zegadi, R. and Brun, G. and Jeandel, D.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Validation of a $\kepsi$ model based on experimental results in a thermally stable stratified turbulent boundary layer},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {35},
NUMBER =       {10},
PAGES =        {2717-2724},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {A 2D (k-epsilon) turbulence model was developed for use with dilatable flows at high Reynolds numbers.  A new approach relative to the modelling of the density-velocity correlation term is proposed, and a relation concerning the Prandtl turbulent number was used taking into account both the wall and gravity effects.  This model was validated by experimental results obtained at the E.C.L. Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Laboratory on a stable thermally stratified turbulent boundary layer developing at a quickly cooled smooth boundary surface.}}

@ARTICLE{mrams_1979,
AUTHOR =       {Morel, Robert and Rey, C. and Awad, M. and Mathieu, J. and Schon, J. P.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Structure of the Temperature Field in the Turbulent Wake Behind an Asymmetrically Heated Plate},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1979},
VOLUME =       {22},
NUMBER =       {4},
PAGES =        {623-630},
MONTH =        {April},
ABSTRACT =     {The turbulent properties of a thermal wake are investigated in the particular case where the initial conditions producing the kinematic wake and the temperature field are different from one another.  In such a case it is observed that the correlation coefficient $R_{v \theta}$ is not zero at the point where the mean temperature gradient is zero.  Accordingly, there is a region where the production terms '' of the temperature variance are negative.  Comparisons are made between kinematic and thermal structures determined from a spectral analysis.  The thermal field is found to have some degree of independence from the kinematic field.  The large and small structures of each field are different, but they can be related by translating the axis $\bar{v \theta} = 0$ of the thermal wake until it coincides with the axis $\bar{uv} = 0$ of the kinematic wake.}}

@ARTICLE{mrw_1983,
AUTHOR =       {Morel, Robert and Rey, C. and Wallace, J. M.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Evolution of the Thermal Field in a Turbulent Wake Downstream from an Asymmetrically Heated Plate},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1983},
VOLUME =       {26},
NUMBER =       {2},
PAGES =        {416-421},
MONTH =        {February},
ABSTRACT =     {Turbulent thermal and kinematic properties of the wake of a plate, heated on one side only, have been investigated.  The distributions across the wake of the mean temperature, the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuations, and the streamwise and transverse thermal fluxes are presented; similarity coordinates for all these properties are found using the locus of points where \bar(v \theta) = \bar{\partial {\theta}^2} / \partial y = 0 as the thermal axis.  The turbulent-nonturbulent and heated-unheated interfaces have been studied using conditional sampling.  The results concerning the thermal intermittency factor are consistent with these similarity coordinates}}

@TECHREPORT{nachtsheim_1963,
AUTHOR =       {Nachtsheim, Philip R.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Stability of free-convection boundary-layer flows},
INSTITUTION =  {},
YEAR =         {1963},
TYPE =         {NASA TN },
NUMBER =       {D-2089},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The stability of free-convection boundary-layer flows in investigated by numerical integration of the disturbance differential equations.  Stability calculations are carried out for Prandtl numbers of 0.733 (air) and 6.7 (water) with and without temperature fluctuations.  Results presented for these four cases consist of eigenvalues (phase velocity, wave number, and Reynolds number), eigenfunctions, and energy distribution curves for neutrally stable disturbances.  Tabulations of the basic velocity and temperature profiles for a Prandtl number of 6.7 are also included.

When temperature fluctuations are included, a mode of instability is found in which the primary source of energy for the disturbance motion arises from the interaction of buoyancy forces with velocity fluctuations.  The present stability results are compared with available theoretical and experimental results.}}

@ARTICLE{ntm_1992?,
AUTHOR =       {Nagano, Y. and Tagawa, M. and Matsumoto, A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Numerical Predictions of Turbulent Heat Transfer in Wall and Free Shear Flows},
JOURNAL =      {Journal of Heat Transfer?},
YEAR =         {1992?},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Two types of two-equation heat transfer models are presented along with an accurate prediction of wall turbulent thermal fields.  One has a simpler model formulation and is applicable to the cases where wall temperature fluctuations are negligible.  The other has more rigorous foundations and reproduces the correct wall limiting behavior of turbulence under arbitrary wall thermal conditions, though the computing time required is usually longer than that needed in the former model.  On the other hand, to calculate heat transfer in free shear flows, a second-rank eddy diffusivity tensor for heat is essential. A proposal for closing the energy equation is presented at the two-equation level of turbulence modeling.  Directions for future numerical heat-transfer research are also briefly discussed.}}

@ARTICLE{nk_1969,
AUTHOR =       {Nee, Victor W. and Kovasznay, Leslie S. G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Simple Phenomenological Theory of Turbulent Shear Flows},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1969},
VOLUME =       {12},
NUMBER =       {3},
PAGES =        {473-484},
MONTH =        {March},
ABSTRACT =     {A rate equation is proposed to govern the variation of the effective turbulent viscosity.  The effects of generation, convection, diffusion, and decay are each represented by appropriate terms leaving only two empirical constants to be determined by experiment.  This rate equation together with the equations of motion form a closed system applicable to quasiparallel turbulent shear flows.  for an incompressible turbulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient, solutions were obtained by assuming local similarity and a linear growth of the boundary-layer thickness.  Another problem, the turbulent-nonturbulent interface at the outer edge of the boundary layer was treated by using the further assumption that the large scale motion of the interface has no significant contribution to the Reynolds stress.  It can be shown that for a nearly homogeneous domain, Prandtl's mixing length theory is a limiting case of the present theory.}}

@ARTICLE{ns_1972,
AUTHOR =       {Ng, K. H. and Spalding, Dudley Brian},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence Model for Boundary Layers Near Walls},
JOURNAL =      {Phys. Fluids},
YEAR =         {1972},
VOLUME =       {15},
NUMBER =       {1},
PAGES =        {20-30},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {A turbulence model is proposed for the prediction of boundary-layer flows near walls.  Two differential equations are solved: one for the kinetic energy of turbulence, and one for its length scale.  The local effective viscosity in the flow is taken as proportional to the product of the length and the square root of the energy.  The constants appearing in the equations are determined by reference to experimental data.  Four cases of self-similar flow are predicted with the model and found to compare favorably with the relevant experimental data.  Satisfactory predictions for more general flows are also reported}}

@INBOOK{obrien_1980,
AUTHOR =       {O'Brien, E. E.},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {The Probability Density Function (pdf) Approach to Reacting Turbulent Flows},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PAGES =        {185-218},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
BOOKTITLE =    {Topics in Applied Physics: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@TECHREPORT{ostrach_1953,
AUTHOR =       {Ostrach, Simon},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {An Analysis of Laminar Free-Convection Flow and Heat Transfer About a Flat Plate Parallel to the Direction of the Generating Body Force.},
INSTITUTION =  {NASA},
YEAR =         {1953},
TYPE =         {NASA Technical Report },
NUMBER =       {1111},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The free-convection flow and heat transfer (generated by a body force) about a flat plate parallel to the direction of the body force are formally analyzed and the type of flow is found to be dependent on the Grashof number alone.  for large Grashof numbers (which are of interest in aeronautics), the flow is of the boundary-layer type and the problem is reduced in a formal manner, which is analogous to Prandtl's forced-flow boundary-layer theory, to the simultaneous solution of two ordinary differential equations subject to the proper boundary conditions.

Velocity and temperature distributions for Prandtl numbers of 0.01,  0.72,  0.733, 1, 2, 10, 100, and 1000 are computed, and it is shown that velocities and Nusselt numbers of the order of magnitude of those encountered in forced-convection flows may be obtained in free-convection flows.  The theoretical and experimental velocity and temperature distributions are in good agreement.

A flow and a heat-transfer parameter, from which the important physical quantities such as shear stress and heat-transfer rate can be computed, are derived as functions of Prandtl number alone.  Comparison of theoretically computed values of the heat-transfer parameter with values obtained from an approximate calculation and experiments yielded good agreement over a large range of Prandtl number.  Agreement between the theoretical values and those obtained from a frequently used semiempirical heat-transfer law was good only in restricted Prandtl number ranges (depending on an arbitrary constant).}}

@CONFERENCE{papamoschou_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Papamoschou, Dimitri},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Structure of the Compressible Turbulent Shear Layer},
BOOKTITLE =    { 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada},
YEAR =         {1989},
TYPE =         {},
PAGES =        {},
ORGANIZATION = {AIAA Paper},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {The large-scale structure of the turbulent compressible shear layer is investigated in a two-stream supersonic wind tunnel through a series of experiments.  Double-exposure Schlieren photography reveals that the two convective Mach numbers, corresponding to each side of the shear layer, are very different, one sonic or supersonic and the other subsonic.  This contradicts the current isentropic model of the structure which predicts them to be equal or very close.  It is shown that addition of shock-wave effects to that model allows for the asymmetric trends observed in the experiments.  An inclined view of the flow provides sketchy information about the spanwise orientation of the large-scale structure and does not reveal any pronounced obliquity.  Attempts to enhance mixing by modifying the trailing edge were unsuccessful.}}

@ARTICLE{ps_1981,
AUTHOR =       {Parker, Stephen F. and Sirignano, William A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Comparisons Among Various Theories for Turbulent, Reacting, and Planar Mixing Layers},
JOURNAL =      {Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics},
YEAR =         {1981},
VOLUME =       {76},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Ignition in the planar, turbulent reacting mixing layer was analyzed via several model approaches and comparisons were made.  Both Favre and time-averaged forms of the equations were employed with various forms of the mixing length theory; k, epsilon theory; and k, omega theory.  A coordinate transform was employed to remove the singularity at the mixing layer edge where the turbulent diffusivity goes to zero.  An iterative quasilinearized implicit finite-difference scheme was used to solve the governing set of parabolic partial differential equations.  The nonreacting limit with temperature and density gradients was fully examined.  Similarity solutions were obtained in the nonreacting limit.  comparisons were made among the computational results and with existing experimental data.  The major differences between the models and types of averaging were in the predicted spreading parameter.  The comparison between theory and data was better for velocity profiles than for density profiles  Additional nonreacting variable density data are needed, particularly for high Reynolds numbers.  for reacting flows, two different approaches to the calculation of the ignition length were analyzed.  Comparisons among the models indicated significant sensitivity to the form of averaging and the choice of kinetics with a lesser sensitivity to the choice of turbulence modeling.
}}

@BOOK{pedlosky_1987,
AUTHOR =       {Pedlosky, Joseph},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Geophysical Fluid Dynamics},
ISBN =         {0-387-96387-1},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1987},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{pol_1994,
AUTHOR =       {Peek, Jerry and {O'Reilly}, Tim and Loukides, Mike},
EDITOR =       {{O'Reilly}, Tim},
TITLE =        {UNIX Power Tools},
ISBN =         {0-679-79073-X},
PUBLISHER =    {O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.},
YEAR =         {1994},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {103 Morris Street, Suite A, Sebastopol, CA  95472},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{pk_1977,
AUTHOR =       {Plumb, O. A. and Kennedy, Lawrence A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Application of a $\kepsi$ Turbulence Model to Natural Convection from a Vertical Isothermal Surface},
JOURNAL =      {J. Heat Trans., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1977},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {79-85},
MONTH =        {February},
ABSTRACT =     {Conservation equations for the turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, and mean square temperature fluctuations are solved numerically along with the turbulent momentum and energy equations using the Spalding-Patankar boundary layer method.  Various model constants and wall functions, and wall terms were tested.  The results are compared with available experimental data and found to be in reasonable agreement.}}

@ARTICLE{pl_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Poinsot, T. J. and Lele, Sanjiva K.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Boundary Conditions for Direct simulations of Compressible Viscous Flows},
JOURNAL =      {Journal of Computational Physics},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {101},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {104-129},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{ph_1966,
AUTHOR =       {Pope, Alan and Harper, John J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing},
ISBN =         {0-471-69392-8},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1966},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{pftv_1986,
AUTHOR =       {Press, William H. and Flannery, Brian P. and Teukolsky, Saul A. and Vetterling, William T.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing},
ISBN =         {0-521-30811-9},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{rp_1983,
AUTHOR =       {Rae, Jr., William H. and Pope, Alan},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing},
ISBN =         {0-471-87402-7},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1983},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{rp_1982,
AUTHOR =       {Ramaprian, B. R. and Patel, Virendrakumar Chaturbhai},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {The symmetric turbulent wake of a flat plate},
JOURNAL =      {AIAA J.},
YEAR =         {1982},
VOLUME =       {20},
NUMBER =       {9},
PAGES =        {1228-1235},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{roache_1972,
AUTHOR =       {Roache, Patrick J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Computational Fluid Dynamics},
ISBN =         {0-913478-02-4},
PUBLISHER =    {Hermosa Publishers},
YEAR =         {1972},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {PO Box 8172, Albuquerque, New Mexico  87108},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{sg_1964,
AUTHOR =       {Savitzky, Abraham and Golay, Marcel J. E.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures},
JOURNAL =      {Analytical Chemistry},
YEAR =         {1964},
VOLUME =       {36},
NUMBER =       {8},
PAGES =        {1627-1639},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {In attempting to analyze, on digital computers, data from basically continuous physical experiments, numerical methods of performing familiar operations must be developed.  The operations of differentiation and filtering are especially important both as an end in themselves, and as a prelude to further treatment of the data.  Numerical counterparts of analog devices that perform these operations, such as RC filters, are often considered.  However, the method of least squares may be used without additional computational complexity and the considerable improvement in the information obtained.  The least squares calculations may be carried out in the computer by convolution of the data points with properly chosen sets of integers.  These sets of integers and their normalizing factors are described and their use is illustrated in spectroscopic applications.  The computer programs required are relatively simple.  Two examples are presented as subroutines in the FORTRAN language.}}

@BOOK{schlichting_1979,
AUTHOR =       {Schlichting, Hermann},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Boundary-Layer Theory},
ISBN =         {0-07-055334-3},
PUBLISHER =    {McGraw-Hill Book Company},
YEAR =         {1979},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {7th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{shapiro_1953,
AUTHOR =       {Shapiro, Ascher H.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow},
ISBN =         {0-471-06691-5},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1953},
VOLUME =       {1},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{sw_1985,
AUTHOR =       {Smith, Jr., R. E. and Wehofer, S.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {From Measurement Uncertainty to Measurement Communications, Credibility, and Cost Control in Propulsion Ground Test Facilities},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluids Eng., Trans. ASME},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {107},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {165-172},
MONTH =        {June},
ABSTRACT =     {In the past several years significant advances have been made in altitude ground test facilities with respect to measurement accuracy and measurement cost control.  To a large measure, the advances have been the result of the application of comprehensive measurement uncertainty evaluation programs.  This paper discusses the specific measurement evaluation process used in the Engine Test Facility, Arnold Engineering Development Center.  To explain this process, the reader is guided through the measurement process for engine thrust, an extremely critical parameter for propulsion performance testing.  Although this paper focuses on the measurement of engine thrust, the overall objective is the general measurement evaluation process and its uses.  The approach presented can be applied to any type measurement system.  First, an overview of the measurement uncertainty methodology and its application in altitude engine test cells is presented.  The paper concludes with a discussion of how measurement uncertainty results can be utilized to improve measurement understanding and presents the means to identify factors that must be controlled to achieve a reliable and accurate measurement assessment.
}}

@BOOK{svw_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Sonntag, Richard E. and Van Wylen, Gordon J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Introduction to Thermodynamcs: Classical and Statistical},
ISBN =         {0-471-61427-0},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {3rd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{speziale_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Speziale, Charles G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Analytical Methods for the Development of {Reynolds}-Stress Closures in Turbulence},
JOURNAL =      {Annual Rev. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {23},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {107-157},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{sf_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Srinivas, Karkenahalli and Fletcher, Clive A.J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics: A Solutions Manual},
ISBN =         {0-387-54304-X},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {New South Wales 2006, Australia},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@TECHREPORT{stewart_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Stewart, M. B.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Near Field Turbulent Wake Predictions},
INSTITUTION =  {US Navy},
YEAR =         {1988},
TYPE =         {Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report },
NUMBER =       {6366},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{strang_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Strang, Gilbert},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Linear algebra and its applications},
ISBN =         {0-15-551005-3},
PUBLISHER =    {Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Publishers},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {3rd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{strikwerda_1989,
AUTHOR =       {Strikwerda, John C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Finite difference schemes and partial differential equations},
ISBN =         {0-534-09984-X},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{szewczyk_1962,
AUTHOR =       {Szewczyk, Albin Anthony},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Stability and Transition of the Free-Convection Layer Along a Vertical Flat Plate},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1962},
VOLUME =       {5},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {903-914},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The free-convection layer along a vertical flat plate is investigated theoretically as well as experimentally with a view to studying its instability and natural'' transition from laminar to turbulent flow.  Stability calculations are carried out based upon the small perturbation theory for the exact velocity profile for the Prandtl number 10.  Temperature profiles are measured along a vertical electrically heated brass plate in good agreement with the theory.  By use of the dye technique the natural transition mechanism is investigated, i.e. onset of wave-motion, and subsequent distortion into three-dimensional pattern and also eventual breakdown are studied.  A double-row vortex system arises in the free-convection layer.  The wave-motion initially provoked outside the velocity maximum is found to be far more unstable than that formed inside the velocity maximum.  Its mechanics and overall effect on the stability and transition of the free-convection layer are discussed.  The transition process is quite similar to that already observed in the ordinary boundary layer}}

@ARTICLE{st_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Szewczyk, Albin Anthony and Tureaud, Thomas Francis},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Effects of Strong Temperature Gradients on turbulent Wakes},
JOURNAL =      {Arch. Mech},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {43},
NUMBER =       {5},
PAGES =        {669-689},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The effects of stable and unstable thermal stratification on the development of a turbulent wake were considered.  A turbulent wake behind an insulated splitter plate was subjected to thermal stratification caused by strong grid heating at Brunt-Vaisala frequencies in the range 2.0-6.0 rad/s.  At large Brunt-Vaisala frequencies the dynamically active buoyancy forces altered the development of the turbulent structure and led to significantly modified vertical and horizontal heat flux distributions and fluctuating energy densities.}}

@BOOK{tl_1972,
AUTHOR =       {Tennekes, Hendrik and Lumley, John Leask},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A First Course in Turbulence},
ISBN =         {0-262-20019-8},
PUBLISHER =    {MIT Press},
YEAR =         {1972},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{tva_1992,
AUTHOR =       {Thoroddsen, Sigurdur T. and Van Atta, C. W.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Exponential Tails and Skewness of Density-Gradient Probability Density Functions in Stably Stratified Turbulence},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {244},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {547-566},
MONTH =        {November},
ABSTRACT =     {We have measured the probability density functions (PDFs) of density fluctuations and of density-gradient fluctuations in decaying stratified turbulence, using a thermally stratified wind tunnel.  the turbulence was generated by passing the flow through a biplanar grid at the entrance to the test section.  The linear mean vertical temperature gradient could be adjusted to produce different stratification strengths.  The PDFs of the density-gradient fluctuations exhibit extended exponential tails, while those for the density fluctuations are nearly Gaussian.  As the turbulence decays away from the grid the exponential tails of the density gradient PDFs become steeper and the central rounded part of the distribution widens.  The tail steepness scales approximately as $Re_\lambda^{{-{1}\over{2}}}$.  Buoyancy forces are not the cause of the exponential tails, since when normalized in r.m.s units the behaviour of the tails is independent of stratification strength.  The vertical temperature gradients $\partial \theta / \partial z$ (measured using two cold wires) show a strong positive skewness close to the grid where the turbulence is most vigorous.  This skewness is not caused by non-Boussinesq effects and is present for all stratification strengths.  We propose a simple phenomenological model (similar to that of Budwig et al. 1985), based on stirring of fluid parcels advected in the mean gradient, to explain the presence of this skewness.  The skewness observed by other researchers and their interpretations are discussed in the context of this model.  The buoyancy flux PDF also shows strong exponential tails and is very strongly skewed.  Both of these properties are consistent with joint-Gaussian statistics of the vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations.}}

@ARTICLE{th_1_1986,
AUTHOR =       {To, Wai Ming and Humphrey, Joseph A. C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Numerical Simulation of Buoyant, Turbulent Flow - {I. Free} Convection Along a Heated, Vertical, Flat Plate},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {29},
NUMBER =       {4},
PAGES =        {573-592},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{th_2_1986,
AUTHOR =       {To, Wai Ming and Humphrey, Joseph A. C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Numerical Simulation of Buoyant, Turbulent Flow - {II. Free} and Mixed Convection in a Heated Cavity},
JOURNAL =      {Int. J. Heat Mass Trans.},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {29},
NUMBER =       {4},
PAGES =        {593-610},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{townsend_1976,
AUTHOR =       {Townsend, Albert Alan},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow},
ISBN =         {0-521-29819-9},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1976},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{tritton_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Tritton, D. J.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Physical Fluid Dynamics},
ISBN =         {0-19-854493-6},
PUBLISHER =    {Oxford Science Publications},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@PHDTHESIS{tureaud_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Tureaud, Thomas Francis},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effects of Large Temperature Differences on a Turbulent Plane Wake},
SCHOOL =       {University of Notre Dame},
YEAR =         {1988},
ADDRESS =      {Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana  46556},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {   The present research investigated, both experimentally and numerically, the effects of imposing a temperature gradient on the developing velocity field of a turbulent wake.  The temperature field was generated by uniformly heating the air flow either above or below a splitter plate.  Temperature differences ranging from $0^o$C to $40^o$ C were investigated with the freestream velocity being held constant at 7 m/s.  Even though the flow was shown to be weakly buoyant the large temperature difference driving force played an important role in the development of the mean turbulent fields.
Standard two-equation $k-\epsilon$ and three-equation $k-\epsilon-q$ turbulence models were then applied to experimental data in order to evaluate the performance of the models.  Also, in an effort to account for density fluctuations and variations mass-weighted Favre averaged equations, having similar form to the incompressible $k-\epsilon$ equations, were examined.  All models performed as expected for the isothermal and low temperature difference cases but failed when used to predict the large temperature difference data.}}

@ARTICLE{tsny_1_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Tureaud, Thomas Francis and Szewczyk, Albin Anthony and Nee, Victor W. and Yang, Kwang-Tzu},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Experimental Investigation of Large Temperature Difference Effects on a Turbulent Wake},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. Heat Trans. Fluid Mech. and Thermo.},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {???},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {274-278},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {The present work consists of imposing a thermal field onto the developing velocity field of a turbulent wake.  The temperature field is generated by uniformly heating the air flow either above or below the splitter plate.  The upper and lower temperatures are then allowed to interact at the trailing edge of the plate, in this way a step function in temperature is imposed onto the wake beginning at the trailing edge and then is allowed to develop downstream along with the velocity field.  Temperature differences ranging from 0C to 40C were investigated.  The freestream velocity was held constant at 7 m/s.  Even though the flow is shown to be weakly buoyant the temperature driving force played an important role in the development of the mean turbulent fields and the non-passivity of the temperature field is demonstrated in the resulting fluctuating kinetic energy profiles.}}

@ARTICLE{tsny_2_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Tureaud, Thomas Francis and Szewczyk, Albin Anthony and Nee, Victor W. and Yang, Kwang-Tzu},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Some Results from the Calibration and Use of a Three-Wire Probe in a Highly Stratified Wake},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. Heat Trans. Fluid Mech. and Thermo.},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {???},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {269-273},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Measurements of the instantaneous temperature and velocities in a turbulent wake under large temperature differences require a method for calibrating a three wire probe.  Flow velocities of 2m/s to 10m/s and temperature differences of up to 50 C are investigated.  The probe, two wires in an x-array for velocity measurement and a single wire for temperature measurement, was supported by a data acquisition system capable of acquiring the three independent signals at the same instant in time.  The calibration data was generated by varying known velocities at different ambient temperatures.  The multiple velocity-temperature calibration curves demonstrated good collapse into a single curve via the hot-wire response equation which was modified by a temperature ratio term to account for temperature differences.  It is shown that for temperature differences less than 15C the temperature ratio term could be neglected.}}

@ARTICLE{tsyn_1988,
AUTHOR =       {Tureaud, Thomas Francis and Szewczyk, Albin Anthony and Yang, Kwang-Tzu and Nee, Victor W.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {On the Modelling of the Effects of Large Temperature Difference on the Development of a Turbulent Wake},
JOURNAL =      {???},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {??},
NUMBER =       {??},
PAGES =        {??-??},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Standard two-equation k-epsilon and three-equation k-epsilon-q turbulence models are applied to experimental data obtained from a heated horizontal turbulent plane wake.  buoyancy forces are small yet large temperature excesses play an active role in the development of the turbulent fields.  In an effort to account for density fluctuations and variations mass-weighted Favre averaged equations, having similar form to the incompressible equations, are examined.  All models perform as expected for isothermal and low temperature excess but fail when used to post-dict the large temperature difference data.}}

@BOOK{vanness_1983,
AUTHOR =       {Van Ness, Hendrick C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Understanding Thermodynamics},
ISBN =         {0-486-63277-6},
PUBLISHER =    {Dover Publications Inc.},
YEAR =         {1983},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{vws_1973,
AUTHOR =       {Van Wylen, Gordon J. and Sonntag, Richard E.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics},
ISBN =         {0-471-90227-6},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1973},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{ws_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Wall, Larry and Schwartz, Randal L.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Programming perl},
ISBN =         {0-937175-64-1},
PUBLISHER =    {O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
ADDRESS =      {103 Morris Street, Suite A, Sebastopol, CA  95472},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{wl_1978,
AUTHOR =       {Warhaft, Z. and Lumley, J. L.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {An experimental study of the decay of temperature fluctuations in grid-generated turbulence},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1978},
VOLUME =       {88},
NUMBER =       {4},
PAGES =        {659-684},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{webster_1964,
AUTHOR =       {Webster, C. A. G.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {An Experimental Study of Turbulence in a Density-Stratified Shear Flow},
JOURNAL =      {J. Fluid Mech.},
YEAR =         {1964},
VOLUME =       {19},
NUMBER =       {},
PAGES =        {221-245},
MONTH =        {August},
ABSTRACT =     {This paper concerns an investigation of turbulence in the density stratified shear flow of a specially designed wind tunnel in which the density gradient is created by differential heating of the air.  The first three sections of the paper consist of a description of the apparatus and of the mean temperature and velocity gradients in the tunnel, together with a discussion of a method of measuring low wind speeds based on the periodic shedding of vortices by a circular cylinder.  In the remaining sections details of the experimentally determined structure of the turbulence of the flow and of its eddy conductivity and viscosity are presented and their dependence on the over-all gradient form of Richardson number, $[g \partial T/\partial z]/[T(\partial U/\partial z)^2]$, considered.}}

@BOOK{white_1974,
AUTHOR =       {White, Frank Mangrem},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Viscous Fluid Flow},
ISBN =         {0-07-069710-8},
PUBLISHER =    {McGraw-Hill Book Company},
YEAR =         {1974},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{white_1988,
AUTHOR =       {White, Frank Mangrem},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Heat and Mass Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-201-17099-X},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{white_1994,
AUTHOR =       {White, Frank Mangrem},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Fluid Mechanics},
ISBN =         {0-07-840707-9},
PUBLISHER =    {McGraw-Hill Book Company},
YEAR =         {1994},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {3rd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{wilcox_1993,
AUTHOR =       {Wilcox, David C.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulence Modeling for CFD},
ISBN =         {0-9636051-0-0},
PUBLISHER =    {DCW Industries},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@INBOOK{williams_1985,
AUTHOR =       {Williams, Forman Arthur},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Turbulent combustion},
ISBN =         {},
PAGES =        {97-131},
PUBLISHER =    {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {},
BOOKTITLE =    {Mathematics of Combustion},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{wolfram_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Wolfram, Stephen},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Mathematica, A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer},
ISBN =         {0-201-51507-5},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{we_1991,
AUTHOR =       {Wroblewski, Donald E. and Eibeck, Pamela A.},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {A Frequency Response Compensation Technique for Cold Wires and Its Application to a Heat Flux Probe},
JOURNAL =      {Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci.},
YEAR =         {1991},
VOLUME =       {},
NUMBER =       {4},
PAGES =        {452-463},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@ARTICLE{xy_??,
AUTHOR =       {Xu, Y. F. and Yang, Kwang-Tzu},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Prediction of Low Reynolds Number Turbulent Wall Jets and Plumes with and without Buoyancy},
JOURNAL =      {},
YEAR =         {19??},
VOLUME =       {???},
NUMBER =       {???},
PAGES =        {???},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {Several low Reynolds number k-$\epsilon$ turbulence models are utilized to predict flows in turbulent wall jets.  it is shown that the calculation results based on the Nagano and Hishida model are in the best agreement with experimental data.  Hight Reynolds number versions of the k-$\epsilon$ model together with wall damping corrections are also tested for comparison.  The deficiencies in these models are noted.  An extended Nagano and Hishida model which accounts for buoyancy is also applied to a vertical wall buoyant plume.  It is shown that this modified model also performs well when buoyancy effects are included.}}

@BOOK{tsi_1992,
AUTHOR =       {{TSI Incorporated}},
EDITOR =       {},
TITLE =        {{IFA }100 System Intelligent Flow Analyzer Instruction Manual},
ISBN =         {},
PUBLISHER =    {TSI Incorporated},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {1990237},
ADDRESS =      {P.O. Box 64394, St. Paul, MN  55164},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {January},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{goldstein_1983,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Goldstein, Richard J.},
TITLE =        {Fluid Mechanics Measurements},
ISBN =         {0-89116-244-5},
PUBLISHER =    {Hemisphere Publishing Corporation},
YEAR =         {1983},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{tc_1989,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Tien, Chang Lin and Chawla, T. C.},
TITLE =        {Annual Review of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-89116-740-4},
PUBLISHER =    {Hemisphere Publishing Corporation},
YEAR =         {1989},
VOLUME =       {II},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{beyer_1986,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Beyer, William H.},
TITLE =        {CRC Standard Mathematical Tables},
ISBN =         {0-8493-0627-2},
PUBLISHER =    {CRC Press, Inc.},
YEAR =         {1986},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {27th},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{buckmaster_1985,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Buckmaster, John David},
TITLE =        {Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, Volume 2:  The Mathematics of Combustion},
ISBN =         {0-89871-053-7},
PUBLISHER =    {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
YEAR =         {1985},
VOLUME =       {2},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

AUTHOR =       {},
TITLE =        {Topics in Applied Physics, Volume 12:  Turbulence},
ISBN =         {0-387-08864-4},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1978},
VOLUME =       {12},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {2nd},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{lw_0_1980,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Libby, Paul A. and Williams, Forman Arthur},
TITLE =        {Topics in Applied Physics, Volume 44: Turbulent Reacting Flows},
ISBN =         {0-387-10192-6},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1980},
VOLUME =       {44},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{go_1993,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Galperin, Boris and Orszag, Steven A.},
TITLE =        {Large Eddy Simulation for Engineering and Complex Flows},
ISBN =         {0-521-43009-7},
PUBLISHER =    {Cambridge University Press},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{mssp_1988,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Minkowycz, W. J. and Sparrow, Ephram M. and Schneider, G. E. and Pletcher, Richard H.},
TITLE =        {Handbook of Numerical Heat Transfer},
ISBN =         {0-471-83093-3},
PUBLISHER =    {John Wiley \& Sons},
YEAR =         {1988},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{rea_thermo_1993,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Fogiel, M.},
TITLE =        {The Thermodynamics Problem Solver},
ISBN =         {0-87891-555-9},
PUBLISHER =    {Research and Education Association},
YEAR =         {1993},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{rea_fluids_1994,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Fogiel, M.},
TITLE =        {The Fluid Mechanics Problem Solver},
ISBN =         {0-87891-547-8},
PUBLISHER =    {Research and Education Association},
YEAR =         {1994},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{rea_heat_1992,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Fogiel, M.},
TITLE =        {The Heat Transfer Problem Solver},
ISBN =         {0-87891-557-5},
PUBLISHER =    {Research and Education Association},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{hpo_1992,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Hirsch, Ch and Periaux, J. and Onate, E.},
TITLE =        {Computational Methods in Applied Sciences},
ISBN =         {0-444-89795-X},
PUBLISHER =    {Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.},
YEAR =         {1992},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
EDITION =      {},
MONTH =        {},
ABSTRACT =     {}}

@BOOK{acdlsw_1987,
AUTHOR =       {},
EDITOR =       {Andre, J.-C. and Cousteix, J. and Durst, F. and Launder, Brian Edward and Schmidt, F. W. and Whitelaw, James H.},
TITLE =        {Turbulent Shear Flows 6: selected papers from the Sixth International Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows},
ISBN =         {0-387-50102-9},
PUBLISHER =    {Springer-Verlag},
YEAR =         {1987},
VOLUME =       {},
SERIES =       {},
`